Author: Joshua Bernard Espeña

Joshua Bernard Espeña

Introduction The Philippines' geographic position in the Indo-Pacific is pregnant with risks because of its neighbor – the island-nation of the Republic of China (ROC) or Taiwan – to its…

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Joshua Bernard Espeña

Introduction “The standard of justice depends on the equality of power to compel and that in fact the strong do what they have the power to do and the weak…

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Joshua Bernard Espeña

Disclaimer: This article was co-authored by Joshua Bernard Espena and Joaquin Alfonso V. Toledo. All views and opinions are entirely their own and do not reflect the official policy of their respective…

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Joshua Bernard Espeña

On 01 July 2020, Australian Prime Minister Scott Morrison and Defense Minister Linda Reynolds announced the 2020 Defence Strategic Update from its 2016 Defence White Paper. The Update has three unique features: 1)…

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