Arooj Zafar is is a student of International Relations at the National Defence University, Islamabad, with research interests in political economy, foreign policy, international law, and regional security.
From Oil Shock to Debt Shock: Crises Continued for Developing Nations
This article examines how the Strait of Hormuz crisis is an international political economy problem, not just a security issue. It analyses how maritime shocks systematically turn into debt and…
Who Pays for War? Gulf Balancing Amid Economic Costs
How economic vulnerability has become a defining force in Middle Eastern politics. Beyond the diplomatic rhetoric, economics best explains the shift in the Gulf’s position in the context of the…